Month: February 2019

 

Vv. iliacae communes, common iliac veins, right and left, merging with each other at the level of the lower edge of the IV lumbar vertebra, form the inferior vena cava. The right common iliac vein is located behind the artery of the same name, the left just below lies behind the artery of the same name, then lies medially from it and passes behind the right common iliac artery to merge with the right common iliac vein to the right of the aorta. Each common iliac vein at the level of the sacroiliac joint in turn is composed of two veins: the internal iliac (v. Iliaca interna) and the external iliac (v. Iliaca externa).

The portal vein collects blood from all unpaired organs of the abdominal cavity, with the exception of the liver: from the entire gastrointestinal tract, where nutrients are absorbed through the portal vein to the liver for neutralization and deposition of glycogen; from the pancreas, where insulin comes from, which regulates sugar metabolism; from the spleen, from which the decay products of blood elements, used in the liver to produce bile, come from. The constructive connection of the portal vein with the gastrointestinal tract and its large glands (liver and pancreas) is due, in addition to the functional connection, and their common development (genetic connection).

V. portae, portal vein, is a thick venous trunk, located in lig. hepatoduodenale along with the hepatic artery and ductus choledochus. Composed v. portae behind the head of the pancreas from the splenic vein and two mesenteric – upper and lower. Heading to the gate of the liver in the above-mentioned bundle of peritoneum, it receives vv along the way. gastricae sinistra et dextra and v. The prepylorica and in the gates of the liver are divided into two branches that go into the liver parenchyma. In the parenchyma of the liver, these branches break up into many small branches that intertwine hepatic lobules (vv. Interlobulares); numerous capillaries penetrate into the lobules and are ultimately formed in vv. centrales (see “Liver”), which are collected in the hepatic veins flowing into the inferior vena cava. Thus, the portal vein system, unlike other veins, is inserted between two networks of capillaries: the first network of capillaries gives rise to venous trunks, of which the portal vein is folded, and the second is located in the liver substance, where the portal vein is divided into its final ramifications.

V. lienalis, the splenic vein, carries blood from the spleen, stomach (through v. Gastroepiploica sinistra and vv. Gastricae breves) and from the pancreas, along its upper edge behind and below the artery of the same name to v. portae.

Vv. mesentericae superior et inferior, superior and inferior mesenteric veins, correspond to the arteries of the same name. V. mesenterica superior on its way takes in the venous branches from the small intestine (vv. Intestinales), cecum, ascending colon and transverse colon (v. Colica dextra and v. Colica media), and, passing behind the head of the pancreas, connects to the inferior mesenteric vein. V. mesenterica inferior begins from the venous plexus of the rectum, plexus venosus rectalis. Heading up from here, it enters the pathway from the sigmoid colon (vv. Sigmoideae), from the descending colon (v. Colica sinistra) and from the left half of the transverse colon. Behind the head of the pancreas, having connected previously with the splenic vein or independently, it merges with the superior mesenteric vein.

V. cava inferior, inferior vena cava, is the thickest venous trunk in the body, lies in the abdominal cavity near the aorta, to the right of it. It is formed at the level of the IV lumbar vertebra from the confluence of two common iliac veins. slightly below the aortic division and immediately to the right of it. The inferior vena cava is directed upwards and somewhat to the right, and the more it moves away from the aorta. The lower section adjoins the medial edge of the right m. psoas, then goes to the front of its surface and at the top lies on the lumbar part of the diaphragm. Then, lying in the sulcus venae cavae on the posterior surface of the liver, the inferior vena cava passes through the foramen venae cavae of the diaphragm into the chest cavity and immediately flows into the right atrium. Tributaries flowing directly into the inferior vena cava correspond to the paired branches of the aorta (except for vv. He paticae). They are divided into the wall veins and internal veins. Parietal veins flowing into the inferior vena cava:
1) vv. lumbales dextrae et sinistrae, four on each side, correspond to the arteries of the same name, take anastomoses from the vertebral plexuses; they are interconnected by longitudinal trunks, vv. lumbales ascendentes;
2) vv. phrenicae inferiores flow into the inferior vena cava where it passes in the groove of the liver.

The veins of the viscera flowing into the inferior vena cava:
1) vv. testiculares in men (vv. ovaricae in women) begin in the area of ​​the testicles and braid like arteries in the form of a plexus (plexus pampiniformis); right v. testicularis flows directly into the inferior vena cava at an acute angle, the left – into the left renal vein at a right angle. This latter circumstance makes it difficult, perhaps, the outflow of blood and causes a more frequent appearance of varicose veins of the left spermatic cord in comparison with the right one (in a woman, v. Ovarica begins at the gate of the ovary);
2) vv. renales, renal veins, go in front of the arteries of the same name, almost completely covering them; the left is longer than the right and passes in front of the aorta;
3) v. suprarenalis dextra infuses into the inferior vena cava immediately above the renal vein; v. suprarenalis sinistra usually does not reach the vena cava and merges into the renal vein in front of the aorta;
4) vv. hepaticae, the hepatic veins, flow into the inferior vena cava where it passes along the posterior surface of the liver; hepatic veins carry blood from the liver, where blood flows through the portal vein and the hepatic artery.

External and internal vertebral plexus. There are four venous vertebral plexuses – two internal and two external. The internal plexuses, plexus venosi vertebrales interni (anterior et posterior) are located in the spinal canal and consist of a series of venous rings, one for each vertebra. In the internal vertebral plexus fall the veins of the spinal cord, as well as vv. basivertebral, leaving the vertebral bodies on their back surface and transporting blood from the spongy substance of the vertebrae. The outer vertebral plexus, plexus venosi vertebrales externi, is divided in turn into two: anterior – on the front surface of the vertebral bodies (developed mainly in the cervical and sacral areas), and posterior, lying on the arches of the vertebrae, covered with deep dorsal and cervical muscles. The blood from the vertebral plexus flows in the trunk through the vv. intervertebrales in vv. intercostales post, and vv. lumbales. In the neck area, outflow occurs mainly in v. vertebralis, which, going along with a. vertebralis, merges into v. brachiocephalica alone or previously connected to v. cervicalis profunda.

Vv. intercostales posteriores, the posterior intercostal veins, are accompanied in the intercostal spaces of the same-named artery by one vein to each artery. About the confluence of the intercostal veins into the unpaired and semi-separ veins mentioned above. The ramus dorsalis (a branch carrying blood from the deep muscles of the back) and ramus spinalis (from the veins of the vertebral plexuses) flow into the posterior ends of the intercostal veins near the spine.

V. thoracica interna, the internal thoracic vein, accompanies the artery of the same name; being double for the most part of the extension, it, however, merges near I rib into one trunk, which flows into v. brachiocephalica of the same side.

The initial section of her, v. epigastrica superior, anastomoses with v. epigastrica inferior (infused in v. iliaca externa), as well as with the subcutaneous veins of the abdomen (vv. subcutaneae abdominis), forming a large mesh of the subcutaneous tissue. From this network, blood flows upward through v. thoracoepigastrica and v. thoracica lateralis in v. axillaris, and downward blood flows through v. epigastrica superficialis and v. circumflexa ilium superficialis in the femoral vein. Thus, the veins in the anterior abdominal wall form a direct connection of the branching areas of the upper and lower hollow veins. In addition, in the navel several venous branches are connected by means of vv. paraumbilicales with portal vein system (see below for more on this).

V. azygos, unpaired vein, and v. hemiazygos, a semi-unpaired vein, is formed in the abdominal cavity from the ascending lumbar veins, vv. lumbales ascendentes connecting the lumbar veins in the longitudinal direction. They go up behind m. psoas major and penetrate the chest cavity between the muscle bundles of the diaphragm stem: v. azygos – together with the right n. splanchnicus, v. hemiazygos – with left n. splanchnicus or sympathetic trunk.

In the chest cavity v. azygos rises along the right lateral side of the spinal column, tightly adhering to the posterior wall of the esophagus. At level IV or V of the vertebra, it departs from the spinal column, and, bending over the root of the right lung, flows into the superior vena cava. In addition to the branches that carry blood from the organs of the mediastinum, the right lower intercostal veins fall into the unpaired vein and, through them, the veins of the vertebral plexuses. Near the place where the unpaired vein is bent over the root of the right lung, it takes in v. intercostalis superior dextra, formed from the confluence of the upper three right intercostal veins.

On the left lateral surface of the vertebral bodies behind the descending thoracic aorta lies v. hemiazygos. It rises only to the VII or VIII thoracic vertebra, then turns to the right and, passing obliquely upwards on the front surface of the spinal column behind the thoracic aorta and ductus thoracicus, flows into the v. azygos. It takes branches from the mediastinum organs and the lower left intercostal veins, as well as the veins of the vertebral plexuses. Upper left intercostal veins infuse into v. hemiazygos accessoria, which goes from top to bottom, settling down, as well as v. hemiazygos, on the left lateral surface of the vertebral bodies, and merges into either v. hemiazygos, either directly in v. azygos, leaning to the right through the front surface of the body VII of the thoracic vertebra.

Superficial (subcutaneous) and deep veins of the arm The veins of the upper limb are divided into deep and superficial. The superficial, or subcutaneous, veins, anastomosing between themselves, form a wide-celled network, from which it is more isolated in places. large trunks. These trunks are as follows:

1. V. cephalica, lateral saphenous vein of the arm, begins in the radial region of the hand rear, on the radial side of the forearm reaches the elbow, anastomosing here with v. basilica, goes along sulcus bicipitalis lateralis, then pierces the fascia and flows into v. axillaris

2. V. basilica, medial saphenous vein of the arm, begins on the ulnar side of the back of the hand, and is sent to the medial part of the anterior surface of the forearm along m. flexor carpi ulnaris to the elbow, anastomizing here with v. cephalica through v. intermedia cubiti; then it lies in the sulcus bicipitalis medialis, pierced the fascia halfway through the shoulder and poured into the v. brachialis.

3. V. intermedia cubiti, intermediate vein of the elbow, is an obliquely located anastomosis connecting the elbow region to each other v. basilica and v. cephalica. It usually falls into v. intermedia antebrachii, which carries blood from the palmar side of the hand and forearm. V. intermedia cubiti is of great practical importance, as it serves as a place for intravenous infusions of medicinal substances, blood transfusion and taking it for laboratory research.

Deep veins accompany the arteries of the same name, usually two each. Thus, there are two vv. brachiales, ulnares, radiales, interosseae.

Both vv. brachiales at the bottom edge m. pectoralis major, fuse together and form the axillary vein, v. axillaris, which lies in the armpit medially and anterior to the artery of the same name, partly covering it. Passing under the clavicle, it continues further in the form of v. subclavia.

In v. axillaris, except for the above v. cephalica, flows into v. thoracoacromialis (corresponding to the artery of the same name), v. thoracica lateralis (into which v. thoracoepigastrica, the large trunk of the abdominal wall often falls), v. subscapularis, vv. circumflexae humeri.

V. jugularis anterior, the anterior jugular vein, is formed from small veins above the hyoid bone, from which it descends vertically downwards. Both v. The jugulares anteriores, right and left, pierce a deep leaf of fascia colli propria, enter the spatium interaponeuroticum suprasternal and infuse the subclavian vein. In the nadprudinnom gap both vv. jugulares anteriores anastomose among themselves with one or two trunks. Thus, a venous arch, the so-called arcus venbsus juguli, forms above the upper edge of the sternum and the clavicle. In some cases, w. jugulares anteriores are replaced by one unpaired v. jugularis anterior, which descends along the midline and below, merges into the said venous arch, which in such cases forms from the anastomosis between the vv. jugulares externae.

V. jugularis interna, internal jugular vein, carries blood from the cranial cavity and organs of the neck; beginning in foramen jugulare, in which it forms an expansion, bulbus superior venae jugularis internae, the vein descends, lying lateral to a. carotis interna, and further down laterally from a. carotis communis. At the lower end of v. jugularis internae before connecting it with v. subclavia forms a second thickening – bulbus inferior v. jugularis internae; in the neck area above this bulge in the vein there is one or two valves. On its way to the neck, the internal jugular vein is covered by m. sternocleidomastoideus and m. omohyoideus.

Tributaries of the internal jugular vein are divided into intracranial and extracranial. The first are the sinuses of the dura mater of the brain, sinus durae matris, and the cerebral veins flowing into them ,, v. cerebri, veins of the cranial bones, vv. diploicae, veins of organ of hearing, vv. auditivae, orbital veins, v. ophtalmicae, and hard-shell veins, vv. meningeae. The latter include the veins of the external surface of the skull and the face, which flow into the internal jugular vein along its course.

There are connections between the intracranial and extracranial veins through so-called graduates, vv. emissariae passing through the corresponding openings in the cranial bones (foramen parietale, foramen mastoideum, canalis condylaris).

1. V. facialis, facial vein. Its tributaries correspond to ramifications a. facialis and carry blood from various face formations.

2. V. retromandibularis, mandibular vein, collects blood from the temporal region. Further down in v. retromandibularis flows into the trunk, carrying blood from the plexus pterygoideus (dense plexus between mm. pterygoidei), followed by v. Retromandibularis, passing through the thickness of the parotid gland together with the external carotid artery, below the angle of the mandible merges with v. facialis.

The shortest path connecting the facial vein with the pterygo plexus is the anatomical vein (v. Anastomotica facialis), which is located at the level of the alveolar margin of the mandible.

By combining the superficial and deep veins of the face, the anastomotic vein can become a way of spreading the infectious principle and therefore has practical significance.

There are also anastomoses of the facial vein with the orbital veins.

Thus, there are anastomotic connections between the intracranial and extracranial veins, as well as between the deep and superficial veins of the face. As a result, the multi-tiered venous system of the head and the connection between its various divisions are formed.

3. Vv. pharyngeae, pharyngeal veins, forming a plexus (plexus pharygneus) on the pharynx, infuse or directly into v. jugularis interna, or fall into v. facialis.

4. V. lingualis, the lingual vein, accompanies the artery of the same name.

5. Vv. thyroideae superiores, the superior thyroid veins, collect blood from the upper portions of the thyroid gland and the larynx.

6. V. thyroidea media, the middle thyroid vein, moves away from the lateral margin of the thyroid gland and merges into v. jugularis interna. At the lower edge of the thyroid gland there is an unpaired venous plexus, plexus thyroideus impar, outflow from which occurs through the vv. thyroideae superiores in v. jugularis interna, as well as v. thyroideae interiores and v. thyroidea ima in the veins of the anterior mediastinum.

Vv. brachiocephalicae dextra et sinistra, brachiocephalic veins, which form the superior vena cava, are in turn obtained by each fusion v. subclaviae and v. jugularis internae. The right brachiocephalic vein is shorter than the left, only 2–3 cm long having formed behind the right sternoclavicular joint, it goes obliquely downwards and medially to the confluence with the same vein of the left side. Front right brachial head vein covered by mm. sternocleidomastoideus, sternohyoideus and sternothyroideus, and below – cartilage I ribs. The left brachiocephalus is approximately twice as long as the right. Formed behind the left sternoclavicular joint, it goes behind the sternum handle, separated from it only by the fiber and thymus gland, right and down, to the confluence with the right brachiocephalic vein; closely adjoining at the same time with its lower wall to the bulge of the aortic arch, it crosses in front of the left subclavian artery and the initial parts of the left common carotid artery and brachiocephalic trunk. In the brachiocephalic veins fall vv. thyroideae inferiores and v. thyroidea ima, formed from the dense venous plexus at the lower edge of the thyroid gland, thymus vein, vv. vertebrates, cervicales et thoracicae internae.