The branches of the first division of the maxillary artery go up to the external auditory canal, into the tympanum, where they penetrate through the fissura petrotympanica; to the hard shell of the brain – a. meningea media, the average meningeal artery (the largest branch), where it penetrates through the foramen spinosum, and down to the lower teeth, a. alveolaris inferior, inferior alveolar artery. The latter passes into the lower jaw through canalis mandibulae. Before joining the channel a. alveolaris inferior gives r. mylohyoideus to the muscle of the same name, and in the canal supplies the lower teeth with its branches and leaves it through the foramen mentale, receiving the name a. mentalis (submental artery), which branches in the skin and muscles of the chin.
The branches of the second section of the maxillary artery go to all the masticatory and cheek muscles, getting the names corresponding to the muscles, as well as to the sinus maxillaris mucosa and the upper molars – aa. alveolares superiores posteriores, posterior superior alveolar arteries.
The branches of the third division of the maxillary artery:
1) a. The infraorbital, the infraorbital artery, enters through the fissura orbitalis inferior into the eye socket, then through the canalis infraorbitalis enters the front surface of the upper jaw and sends branches to the lower eyelid, to the lacrimal sac and down to the upper lip and cheek. Here, she anastomoses with the branches of the facial artery, so that if there is difficulty in the blood flow in the trunk, a. maxillaris blood to its pool can flow through a. facialis. Still in the eye socket a. infraorbitalis gives branches to the muscles of the eyeball; passing in the infraorbital canal, it supplies canines and incisors {aa. alveolares superiores anteriores) and sinus maxillaris mucosa;
2) branches to the palate, pharynx and the auditory tube, some of which descend down to the canalis palatinus major, comes out through the foramina palatina majus et minores and forks in a hard and soft palate;
3) a. sphenopalatina, the sphenoid-palatine artery, penetrates through the eponymous opening into the nasal cavity, giving branches to its lateral wall and to the septum; the front of the nose gets blood through aa. ethmoidales anterior et posterior.